چوب: شیمی، ساختار فوق ریز، واکنش ها ۲۰۱۱
Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions 2011

1. Introduction

2. Structure and Ultrastructure

2.1. Anatomical Aspects

2.2. Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall

2.3. Reaction Tissues

2.4. Functional Elements of the Conducting System

3. Chemical Composition and Analysis of Wood

3.1. Survey of the Chemical Components

3.2. Analysis of Wood

3.3. Data of Wood Analyses

4. Cellulose

4.1. Occurrence

4.2. Molecular Properties

4.3. Supramolecular Structures

5. Polyoses (Hemicelluloses)

5.1. Nature and Classification

5.2. Xylans

5.3. Mannans

5.4. Glucans

5.5. Galactans

5.6. Pectins

6. Lignin

6.1. Significance and Occurrence

6.2. Lignification of the Cell Wall

6.3. Structure and Constitution of Lignin

6.4. Characterization and Properties of Lignins and Lignin Derivatives

6.5. Lignin-Polysaccharide Complexes

7. Extractives

7.1. Importance

7.2. Extractives of Softwood

7.3. Extractives of Hardwood

7.4. Extractives from Foliage, Buds and Fruits

7.5. Inorganic Components

7.6. pH Values

8. Distribution of the Components within the Wood Cell Wall

8.1. Estimation and Calculation

8.2. Determination of the Lignin Distribution

8.3. Determination of the Polysaccharide Distribution

8.4. Models of the Internal Cell Wall Structure

9. Constituents of Bark

9.1. Anatomical Features

9.2. Chemical Composition

10. Reactions in Acidic Medium

10.1. General Aspects of Wood Reactions

10.2. Reactions of Polysaccharides

10.3. Reactions of Lignin

11. Reactions in Alkaline Medium

11.1. Reactions of Polysaccharides

11.2. Reactions of Lignin

12. Influence of Temperature

12.1. General Effects

12.2. Thermal Reactions

12.3. Structural Changes

12.4. Changes of the Chemical Components

12.5. Carbonization and Gasification

13. Degradation by Light and Ionizing Rays

13.1. Changes Initiated by Light

13.2. Changes Initiated by Ionizing Rays

14. Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation

14.1. Importance of Enzymatic Reactions

14.2. Wood-Destroying Organisms

14.3. Characterization of Enzymes

14.4. Decay by Brown-rot Fungi and Action of Glycanhydrolases

14.5. Decay by White-rot Fungi and Action of Ligninolytic Enzymes

14.6. Decay by Soft-rot Fungi

14.7. Effects of Blue-stain Fungi

14.8. Bacterial Attack

15. Aging and Fossilization

15.1. Kinds of Conversion

15.2. Structural Studies

15.3. Chemical Investigations

16. Pulping Processes

16.1. Introductory Survey

16.2. Mechanical Pulping

16.3. Semichemical Pulping

16.4. Alkaline Chemical Pulping

16.5. Sulfite Chemical Pulping

16.6. Unconventional Pulping

16.7. Bleaching of Pulps

17. Derivatives of Cellulose

17.1. The Various Kinds of Cellulose Derivatives

17.2. Cellulosates and Alkali-Celluloses

17.3. Cellulose Esters

17.4. Cellulose Ethers

17.5. Graft Copolymers of Cellulose

18. Utilization of Wood and Wood Components for Chemicals and Energy

18.1. Introductory Remarks

18.2. Thermal Degradation

18.3. Wood Saccharification

18.4. Chemical Products from Cellulose

18.5. Utilization of Polyoses

18.6. Utilization of Technical Lignins

18.7. Utilization of Extractives

94. Subject Index

95. Species Index (Wood, Plants)

96. Species Index (Bacteria, Fungi)