سال های سرخ: سوسیالیسم اروپایی در برابر بلشویسم ۱۹۱۹-۱۹۲۱ ۲۰۲۳
The Red Years: European Socialism versus Bolshevism 1919–1921 2023

1. Cover

2. Title

3. Copyright

4. Contents

5. Before the Biennio Rosso: The Deeper Roots of the Socialist-Communist Conflict

6. The SPD, SFIO, and PSI in the generation before the war

7. Trends of the prewar socialist parties

8. Prewar socialism in Russia

9. The trauma of war

10. Lenin and the problem of war

11. War’s end and the radicalization of western socialist parties

12. The Russian “Spark”

13. Revolution in Russia

14. The spread of revolution to Germany

15. The failures of revolutionary socialists in Germany

16. The Bern Conference

17. The First Congress of the Communist International

18. Leninism and the First Congress of the Comintern

19. The PSI and the Comintern

20. Comintern policy in 1919

21. The response of the USPD and SFIO to bolshevik doctrine in early 1919

22. Impasse at Lucerne: The USPD in search of a new international

23. The reconstructionist movement

24. The Leipzig Congress

25. November elections in France and Italy

26. The advance of the reconstructionist movement

27. The Strasbourg congress

28. Paths to Moscow

29. The USPD opens negotiations: A letter from Moscow

30. The SFIO approaches Moscow

31. Cracks in the Maximalist majority

32. Adjustments in Comintern policy: The extreme left

33. Adjustments in Comintern Policy: The Centrists

34. In the Land of Revolution

35. The delegates of the SFIO

36. The delegates of the USPD

37. The delegates of the PSI

38. En route to Petrograd

39. Moscow

40. Cachin and Frossard before HYPERLINK \l "noteT_1_7" 1‘ the most redoubtable of tribunals”

41. Voyage down the Volga

42. The late arrival of the USPD delegation

43. The Second Congress of the Communist International

44. The opening days of the Second Congress

45. Cachin and Frossard opt publicly for the Comintern

46. The SFIO and USPD delegates before the Committee on Conditions

47. New pressures from the bolsheviks

48. Serrati versus the bolsheviks

49. The compromise with Cachin and Frossard

50. The attack of the extreme left

51. The split in the USPD delegation

52. Bordiga at the Second Congress

53. The Campaign for Communism

54. Cachin and Frossard return to Paris

55. The return of the USPD delegates

56. The return of the Italian delegation

57. Factory occupations and municipal elections

58. The Twenty-one Conditions in France

59. The new factions of the PSI

60. Serrati and centrism

61. The Split in Western Socialism

62. The Halle Congress

63. Negotiations at Halle

64. The factions of the SFIO

65. The Congress of Tours

66. The Congress of Leghorn

67. Paul Levi and the Comintern

68. Epilogue and Conclusion

69. Notes

70. Bibliography

71. Index