نمودارهای فازی عناصر ۲۰۲۳
Phase Diagrams of the Elements 2023

1. Cover

2. Title

3. Copyright

4. CONTENTS 1

5. CHAPTER 1 Introduction

6. CHAPTER 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Introduction

2.1 Static High Pressure

2.3 Dynamic High Pressure

2.2 Isobaric Heating

2.5 Discussion

11. CHAPTER 3 Theoretical Methods 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Electron-Band-Structure Calculations

3.3 Interaction Potentials

3.3 Statistical Models

3.4 Thermodynamics of Phase Transitions

3.6 Melting

3.5 Solid-Solid Transitions

3.6 Liquid-Liquid Transitions

3.7 Generalized Phase Diagrams

3.8 Extreme Conditions

3.9 Discussion

22. CHAPTER 4 Hydrogen 4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Low-Pressure Solid

4.3 High-Pressure Rotational Transition and Melting

4.4 The Metallic Phase

4.4 Discussion

27. CHAPTER 5 The Group I Elements (The Alkali Metals) 5.1 Introduction

5.2 Lithium

5.3 Sodium

5.3 Potassium

5.5 Rubidium

5.4 Cesium

5.7 Francium

5.8 Discussion

35. CHAPTER 6 The Group II Elements (The Alkaline-Earth Metals) 6.1 Introduction

6.2 Beryllium

6.3 Magnesium

6.4 Calcium

6.5 Strontium

6.6 Barium

6.7 Radium

6.8 Discussion

43. CHAPTER 7 The Group III Elements 7.1 Introduction

7.2 Boron

7.3 Aluminum

7.3 Gallium

7.5 Indium

7.6 Thallium

7.7 Discussion

50. CHAPTER 8 The Group IV Elements 8.1 Introduction

8.2 Carbon

8.3 Silicon

8.4 Germanium

8.5 Tin

8.6 Lead

56. 8,7 Discussion

57. CHAPTER 9 The Group V Elements 9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nitrogen

9.3 Phosphorus

9.4 Arsenic

9.5 Antimony

9.3 Bismuth

9.4 Discussion

64. CHAPTER 10 The Group VI Elements 10.1 Introduction

10.2 Oxygen

10.3 Sulfur

10.4 Selenium

68. 10-5 Tellurium

10.6 Polonium

10.7 Discussion

71. CHAPTER 11 The Group VII Elements (The Halogens) 11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fluorine

11.3 Chlorine

11.4 Bromine

11.5 Iodine

11.3 Astatine

11.4 Discussion

78. CHAPTER 12 The Group VIII Elements (The Rare Gases) 12.1 Introduction

12.2 Helium

12.3 Neon

12.3 Argon

12.4 Krypton

83. 12,6 Xenon

12.7 Radon

12.8 Discussion

86. CHAPTER 13 The Transition Metals 13.1 Introduction

13.2 The Scandium Group

13.3 The Titanium Group

13.4 The Vanadium Group

13.5 The Chromium Group

13.6 The Manganese Group

13.7 The Iron Group

13.5 The Cobalt Group

94. 13-9 The Nickel Group

13.10 The Copper Group

13.11 The Zinc Group

13.12 Discussion

98. CHAPTER 14 The Lanthanides 14.1 Introduction

14.2 Lanthanum

14.3 Cerium

14.4 Praseodymium

14.5 Neodymium

14.6 Promethium

14.7 Samarium

14.8 Europium

14.9 Gadolinium

14.10 Terbium

14.11 Dysprosium

14.12 Holmium

14.13 Erbium

14.14 Thulium

14.15 Ytterbium

14.2 Lutetium

14.3 Discussion

115. CHAPTER 15 The Actinides 15.1 Introduction

15.2 Actinium

15.3 Thorium

15.4 Protactinium

15.5 Uranium

15.6 Neptunium

15.7 Plutonium

15.8 Americium

15.9 Curium

15.6 Berkelium

15.7 Californium

15.8 Einsteinium

15.9 Fermium

15.10 The Heavy Actinides and Transactinides

15.11 Discussion

130. CHAPTER 16 The Liquid-Vapor Transition 16.1 Introduction

16.2 Experimental

16.3 Theoretical

16.1 Discussion

134. CHAPTER 17 Overview 17.1 Introduction

17.2 Equation of State

17.2 Crystal Structures

17.4 Melting and Vaporization

138. 17,5 Corresponding States

17.6 Prospects

140. APPENDIXES

141. APPENDIX A Atomic Weight

142. APPENDIX B Molar Volume

143. APPENDIX C Bulk Modulus

144. APPENDIX D Cohesive Energy

145. APPENDIX E Melting Temperature

146. ABBREVIATIONS

147. INDEX