مرجع رومیزی آکسفورد: نفرولوژی ۲۰۲۱
Oxford Desk Reference: Nephrology 2021

"Kidney diseases represent a large spectrum of conditions with varying prevalences, presentations, outcomes, personal and societal impact. Kidney disease is frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding in blood and urine tests. A carefully taken history and physical examination may point to clues for various kidney diseases. A complete examination of urine accompanied by assessment of proteinuria and albuminuria is one of the basic diagnostic evaluations. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate as the best index of kidney function is crucial for every patient with kidney disease. Several immunological tests on blood and urine may provide additional diagnostic information, assessment of prognosis and response to treatment. Imaging of kidneys and urinary tract with various modalities may not only provide some diagnostic information but also give chances to treat some kidney diseases. A kidney biopsy may provide a specific diagnosis, reflect the level of disease severity and guide to use appropriate treatment. Assessment of kidney functions are also essential for safe prescribing as handling of the drugs are significantly altered in kidney disease"--