هیدرومتری: مجموعه یادداشت‌های درسی IHE Delft ۲۰۲۰
Hydrometry: IHE Delft Lecture Note Series 2020

1. Cover

2. Half Title

3. Series Page

4. Title Page

5. Copyright Page

6. Contents

7. PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WATER LEVELS

2.1 Purpose

2.3 Selection of gauge sites

2.4 Different types of gauges

2.4.1 Overview of water level gauges

2.4.3 The float operated gauge

2.4.4 Pressure transducers

2.4.5 Bubble gauges

2.4.6 Ultrasonic sensor

2.4.7 Peak level indicators

2.5 Automatic recording systems

2.5.2 Analogue mechanical recorders

2.5.3 Digital mechanical recorders

2.5.4 Electronic recorders

2.5.5 Shaft Encoders

2.6 Function and design of a stilling well for float operated gauges

2.6.1 Description of the float system

2.6.2 Example of the design of a float operated system

2.6.3 Errors with float-operated systems

2.6.4 Chimney effect with a protruding intake pipe

2.7 Accuracy of water level measurements

2.8 Presentation of results of water level measurements

2.9 International standards

3 MEASUREMENT OF BED LEVELS

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Position fixing

3.3 Global Positioning System, GPS

3.4 Instruments for traditional position fixing

3.5 Examples of traditional position fixing in a straight range line

3.6 Examples of traditional position fixing in a free system

3.7 Sounding and sounding instruments

3.8 Data processing

3.9 International standards

4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS

4.1.1 Purpose

4.1.2 Relation discharge %85 bed roughness

4.2 Various methods of discharge measurements

4.3 Velocity area method

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.3 Selection of site

4.3.4 Instruments to measure point flow velocities

4.3.5 Velocity measurements

4.3.6 Determination mean velocity in the vertical

4.3.7 Determination of the total discharge in the cross-section

4.3.8 Uncertainties in the velocity area method

4.3.9 Limited number of verticals (the d 3/2 method)

4.3.10 The moving boat method

4.3.11 Float measurements

4.3.12 The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, ADCP

4.4. Slope area method

4.5 Dilution methods

4.6 Stage discharge method

4.6.1 Introduction

4.6.2 Controls

4.6.3 Determination of the unique rating curve

4.6.4 Extrapolation of rating curves

4.6.5 Non-unique rating curves

4.6.6 Processing of stage discharge data

4.6.7 Statistical evaluation of discharge data

4.7 Slope stage discharge method

4.8 Acoustic method

4.9 The electromagnetic method

4.10 Pumping stations

4.10.1 Introduction

4.10.3 Centrifugal pumps

4.11 Flow measurement structures

4.12 Selection of discharge measurement methods

4.13 International standards

5 MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

5.2 Sediment yield

5.3 Bed forms

5.4 Classification of sediment transport

5.4.2 Bed load

5.4.3 Suspended load

5.4.4 Wash load

5.5 Sediment transport measurements

5.5.2 Bed load Transport Meter Arnhem

5.5.3 Dune tracking method

5.5.4 Delft Bottle

5.5.5 Optical and acoustic sampling methods

5.5.6 Water sampler

5.6 Bottom grab and bottom sampling

5.7 Grain sizes

5.8 Intake structures on a meandering river

5.9 International standards

6 FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES

6.2 Functions of structures

6.3 Structures in irrigation schemes

6.3.1 Introduction

6.3.2 Brief description of structures

6.3.3 Flow control systems

6.4 Classification of flow measurement structures

6.4.1 Broad-crested weirs

6.4.3 Short-crested weirs

6.4.4 End depth methods

6.4.6 Gates

6.5 Fields of application

6.5.2 Sanitary engineering and industry

6.5.4 Laboratory measurements

6.6 Definition of weir flow

6.7 Head-discharge equations

6.8 Selection of the most suitable flow measurement structure

6.8.1 Characteristics

6.8.2 Field conditions

6.8.3 Human requirements

6.9 Design of a flow measurement structure

6.9.3 Description of the round-nose horizontal broad-crested weir

6.9.4 Hydraulic design

6.9.5 Set up of the rating curve

6.10 Calibration of flow measurement structures using scale models

6.11 Fishways

6.11.2 Rating curves of fishways

6.12 Accuracy of discharge measurements

6.13 Standardization of flow measurement structures

7 HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The dynamics of a water system

7.3 Purpose and first setting up of a hydrological network

7.4 Optimization of monitoring networks

8 ORGANIZATION OF A SURVEY

129. ANNEX I INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

130. REFERENCES