کنترل اندازه دانه ۲۰۲۰
Grain Size Control 2020

1. Cover

2. Half Title

3. Title Page

4. Copyright Page

5. Contents

6. Preface

7. Acknowledgements

8. Chapter 1 The Nature of Grain Boundaries

1.1 Historical Views of Metallic Structures

1.2 Modem Approaches to Polycrystalline Materials

1.3 Grain Boundary Energy

1.4 Grain Boundary Energy and Interfacial Tension

1.5 Grain Boundary Forces

1.6 Grain Boundary Segregati on

1.7 Summary

16. References

17. Chapter 2 Granular Arrays – Topology, Grain Shape,Stereology, and Grain Size

2.1 Topology

2.1.2 Surface Energy and Space Filling Effects

2.1.3 Implications for Grain Shape

2.1.4 Experimental Assessment of Grain Shape

2.2 Grain Size

2.2.1 Stereological Principles

2.2.2 Stereological Aspects of Various Polyhedra

25. (a) Mean Areal Intersection

26. (b) Mean Linear Intercept

2.3 Experimental Measurement of Grain Size

2.3.2 The Heyn Intercept Method

2.3.3 Jeffries Planimetric Method

2.3.4 Relationships Between Grain Size Measures

31. References

32. Chapter 2 Exercises

33. Chapter 3 Grain Growth

3.2 Normal Grain Growth

3.2.1 Analytical Treatments

3.2.2 Topological Models

3.2.3 Computer Based Models

3.2.4 Other Approaches

3.3 Abnormal Grain Growth

3.4 Growth Velocity and Impurity Effects

41. References

42. Chapter 4 Inhibition and Control of Grain Growth

4.2 Second Phase Particles

4.2.1 The Zener Relationship

4.2.2 Granular Arrays with Small Volume Fractions of Uniformly Sized Randomly Distributed, Second Phase Particles

46. (a) Growing Tetrakaidecahedra

47. (b) Shrinking Tetrahedra

4.2.3 Granular arrays with Small Volume Fractions of Uniformly Sized Grain Boundary Particles

49. (a) Growing Tetrakaidecahedra

50. (b) Shrinking Tetrahedra

4.2.4 Comparison of Grain Boundary Particles and Randomly Distributed Particles

4.2.5 The Effects of Mixed Particle Sizes

4.3 Free Surface Effects

4.3.1 Thermal Grooving

4.3.2 Variations in Free Surface Energy

4.3.3 Substrates and Capping of Foils

4.3.4 Secondary Recrystallisation in Foils or Thin Strip

4.4 Thermal and Mechanical Cycles

4.4.1 Thermal Cycling of Allotropic Materials

4.4.2 Thermomechanical Treatments

4.4.3 Conventional Controlled Rolling of Steel

62. References

63. Chapter 4 Exercises

64. Chapter 5 Second Phase Particle Contents and Particle Coarsening

5.2 Particle Solubility

5.2.1 The Solubility Product

5.2.2 Using Simple Solubility Product

5.2.3 Calculating the Particle Contents for Simple Compounds

5.2.4 Solubility Data for Other Grain Refining Additives in Steel

5.2.5 Multiple Additions of Grain Refining Additives – Mutually Exclusive Compounds

5.2.6 Mutually Soluble Components

5.3 Conversions to Volume Fractions

5.4 Particle Size and Particle Coarsening

5.4.1 Precipitation

5.4.2 Ostwald Ripening

5.4.3 Implications of the Wagner Equation for Particle Selection

5.4.4 Calculation of Particle Growth Rates

78. Chapter 5 Exercises

79. Chapter 6 Applications in Grain Size Control

6.1 Steel Normalising Treatments

6.1.1 Fine Grained Normalised Steels

6.1.2 The Grain Coarsening Temperature

6.1.3 Secondary Recrystallisation

6.1.4 The Grain Size at Very High Temperatures in the Austenite Range

6.2 The Effects of Aluminium Content on Coarsening

6.2.1 The Solute Content

6.2.2 Effects of Prior Treatment

6.2.3 General Observations on Aluminium Treatment

6.3 Titanium Nitride Technology

6.4 Hot-rolled Products

6.4.1 Control of the Starting Grain Size

6.4.2 Inhibition of Grain Growth in Hot Working

6.4.3 Retarded Recrystallisation

6.5 Secondary Recrystallisation of Cold Worked and Annealed Strip

6.6 The Use of Oxide Particles

96. References

97. Answers to Excersies

98. Index