روش های زمین شیمیایی اکتشاف و استخراج نفت و گاز طبیعی ۲۰۲۳
Geochemical Methods of Prospecting and Exploration for Petroleum and Natural Gas 2023

1. Cover

2. Title

3. Copyright

4. Contents 1

5. Introduction

6. CHAPTER ONE

7. PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM

8. The Physical State of Petroleum

9. State of Knowledge on the Composition of Petroleum

10. Elemental Composition

11. Hydrocarbon Composition

12. Acids

13. Compounds of Sulfur and Nitrogen

14. Tars and Asphaltenes

15. Elements of the Ash

16. Specific Gravity

17. Optical Activity

18. Physiological Activity

19. Regularities in the Chemistry of Petroleum

20. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS IN PETROLEUM FORMATIONS

21. Temperature

22. Pressu re

23. Motion of Subterranean Waters

24. Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Rocks and Waters

25. GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN PETROLEUM FORMATIONS

26. Metamorphism of Petroleum

27. Oxidation of Petroleum

28. Consequences of the Oxidation of Petroleum by Sulfates

29. Paragenesis of Petroleum and Sulfur. Sulfuring of Petroleum

30. Physical Processes

31. CAUSES OF PETROLEUM VARIABILITY

32. Role of the Initial Composition

33. Significance of Physical Processes

34. Significance of Geochemical Transformations of Petroleum

35. Conclusions

36. Practical Importance of the Question

37. GEOCHEMICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE GASES, WATERS, AND ROCKS OF PETROLEUM FORMATIONS

38. Natural Gases

39. Waters

40. Change of Properties of Waters in Oil-Bearing Strata

41. Organisms

42. Rocks

43. BIBLIOGRAPHY

44. CHAPTER TWO Classification of Geochemical Prospecting Methods GEOCHEMICAL INDICES OF PETROLEUM

45. CLASSIFICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS ACCORDING TO INDICES USED

46. CLASSIFICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS BY OBJECTIVE AND BY ORGANIZATION

47. Chapter THREE The Geochemistry of Gases INTRODUCTION

48. Gaseous Minerals

49. Gaseous Associations

50. PROPERTIES OF GASES

51. Determination of Gases

52. TYPES OF GASES Gases in the Atmosphere

53. Gases in the Hydrosphere

54. Gases in the Lithosphere

55. ORIGIN OF GASES AND THEIR GENETIC CLASSIFICATION

56. Natural Gases of Purely Gaseous Formations

57. Genesis of Purely Gaseous Formations

58. Change in the Composition of Natural Gas Within a Formation

59. Dissipation of Gas Accumulations

60. BIBLIOGRAPHY

61. CHAPTER FOUR Gas Surveys

62. BRIEF HISTORY OF GAS SURVEYING

63. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE GAS SURVEY

64. Migration of a Gas

65. Physical Forms of Gas Movement Through Rocks

66. Alteration of a Gas During the Process of Migration

67. Composition of the Gas Detected in the Gas Survey

68. VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS SURVEYS

69. METHODS OF FIELD WORK Arrangement of Sampling Points

70. Drilling Bore Holes

71. Taking Gas Samples

72. Seasonal Fluctuations of Gas Content

73. Causes of Variations in Gas Concentrations

74. GAS ANALYSIS

75. Total Analysis of Natural Gas in the VTI Apparatus

76. Analysis of Hydrocarbon Gases in the Sokolov Apparatus

77. Analysis of Microcentrations of Hydrocarbon Gases in Stationary Mercury Apparatus

78. Stationary Mercury Apparatus, Model No. 3

79. Stationary Circulative Mercury Apparatus

80. INTERPRETATION OF GAS SURVEY RESULTS

81. Presentation of Survey Results

82. Compilation of Maps

83. Forms of Gas Anomalies

84. Evaluation of the Survey Results

85. BIBLIOGRAPHY

86. CHAPTER FIVE Core-Gas Surveys INTRODUCTION

87. Problems of the Method

88. Origin and Development of the Method

89. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE CORE-GAS SURVEY

90. METHODS OF FIELD WORK

91. Coring Operations

92. Effect of Storage Time on Cores

93. Depth of Sampling

94. Fluctuations in the Gas Content of Rock

95. METHODS OF DEGASSING CORES

96. Degassing at Elevated Temperatures

97. Degassing under Vacuum at Elevated Temperatures

98. Degassing by Disaggregation of the Rock under Vacuum

99. Degassing in Boiling Water

100. Gas Analysis

101. INTERPRETATION OF CORE-GAS SURVEY RESULTS

102. OTHER METHODS OF STUDYING THE GAS CONTENT OF CORES The “Thermobitumen” Survey

103. Change of Parameters of Monmorillonite as an Index of Hydrocarbon Migration

104. BIBLIOGRAPHY

105. CHAPTER SIX Oil and Gas Logging

106. THEORETICAL BASIS OF OIL AND GAS LOGGING

107. METHODS AND APPARATUS USED IN OIL AND GAS LOGGING

108. Mud Logging

109. Intermittent Degassing of Drilling Muds

110. Continuous Degassing of Drilling Muds

111. Analysis of Combustible Gases Recovered From Drilling Muds

112. Oil and Gas Logs Based on Analyses of Cuttings and Cores

113. Method of Luminescence Logging with Drilling Muds and Cuttings

114. AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC LOGGING EQUIPMENT

115. METHOD OF CALCULATING LAG OF THE DRILLING MUD

116. FACTORS AFFECTING RESULTS OF OIL AND GAS LOGGING

117. Gas-Oil Ratio and Crude Oil Composition

118. Formation Pressures

119. Influence of Water-Bearing Levels

120. Method of Mud Degasification

121. Drilling Procedure

122. Clays Used in Preparing Drilling Mud

123. Addition of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products to Drilling Mud

124. Effect of Higher Productive Zones on Penetration of Lower Intervals

125. Change in Physical Properties of Drilling Mud

126. INTERPRETATION OF OIL AND GAS LOGS Interpreting Manually Recorded Data

127. Interpreting Oil and Gas Logs of Single and Multilayer Formations

128. Distinguishing Between Oil and Gas Zones

129. Interpreting Automatically Recorded Data

130. Data Necessary in Oil and Gas Logging

131. Interpreting Mechanical Logs

132. Interpreting Luminescence Logs

133. Characteristics of Well Logs From Various Types of Rocks

134. Correlation of Oil and Gas Logs

135. BIBLIOGRAPHY

136. CHAPTER SEVEN Bitumen Methods

137. BASIC INFORMATION ON BITUMINOLOGY

138. Definition of the “Bitumen” Concept

139. Classification of Bitumens

140. Characteristic Properties of Bitumens

141. Fractional Composition of Bitumens

142. Bitumens Dispersed in Rocks

143. Bound Bitumens

144. METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

145. Determination of Organic Carbon

146. Determination of Nitrogen

147. Determination of Bitumens by the Weight Method

148. Determination of Bitumens by the Colorimetric Method

149. APPLICATION OF BITUMEN METHODS

150. Prospecting for Oil-Bearing Strata

151. Bitumen Area Surveys

152. BIBLIOGRAPHY

153. CHAPTER EIGHT Bitumen-Luminescence Methods

154. BASIC INFORMATION ON LUMINESCENCE OF BITUMENS

155. Luminescence, its Main Forms and Some Properties

156. Principles of Luminescence Analysis

157. Luminescence of Bitumens

158. Luminescence of Bitumen Fractions

159. LUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS OF BITUMENS

160. Equipment

161. Drop Analysis

162. Test Tube Analysis

163. Capillary Analysis

164. Adsorption (chromatographic) Analysis

165. Quantitative Fractional Analysis

166. Luminescence-Extraction Analysis

167. Microscopic Luminescence Determinations

168. APPLICATION OF BITUMEN-LUMINESCENCE METHODS Route Surveys

169. Area Surveys

170. Study of the Cores from Deep Wells

171. Luminescence Logging

172. Correlation of Well Sections

173. BIBLIOGRAPHY

174. CHAPTER NINE Hydrochemical Methods

175. DIRECT HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF PETROLEUM

176. Dissolved Bitumens (Soaps)

177. Implications of Presence or Absence of Dissolved Bitumens

178. Phenols and their Derivatives

179. Iodine

180. Ammonia

181. INDIRECT HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF PETROLEUM

182. Hydrosulfides and Other Reduced Compounds of Sulfur

183. Absence of Sulfates

184. Soda (Alkalinity)

185. Calcium Chloride

186. Bromine

187. General Characteristics of the Salinity of Brines

188. Use of Combined Hydrochemical Indicators

189. Consideration of Hydrogeological Data

190. WATER ANALYSIS (BRIEF TREATMENT)

191. Laboratory Determination of Fundamental Ions

192. Determination of Dissolved Bitumens

193. Determination of Iodine

194. Determination of Ammonia

195. Determination of Hydrosulfides and Other Reduced Compounds of Sulfur

196. Determination of Bromine

197. Field Laboratories

198. Determination of pH of Water

199. APPLICATION OF HYDROCHEMICAL METHODS

200. Route Surveys

201. Hydrochemical Prospecting

202. Hydrochemical Investigations in Exploration Work

203. Hydrochemical Investigations in Production Work

204. HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF STRUCTURE

205. Theoretical Concepts of Structure Surveys

206. Organization and Methodology of Structure Surveys

207. Indicators Used and Their Interpretation

208. Correlation of Results with Stratigraphic Data

209. BIBLIOGRAPHY

210. CHAPTER TEN Water-Gas Surveys BASIC INFORMATION ON WATER-GAS SURVEYS

211. History of the Method

212. Purpose of the Water-Gas Survey

213. METHODS AND APPARATUS USED IN WATER-GAS SURVEYS Methods of Field Work

214. Sampling Waters for Degasification

215. Recovery of Gas from Water

216. Gas Analysis

217. WATER-GAS SURVEY RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION Presentation of Results

218. Oil and Gas Indicators

219. Interpretation of Water-Gas Survey Data

220. BIBLIOGRAPHY

221. CHAPTER ELEVEN Soil-Salt Methods

222. VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL-SALT METHODS The Chloride Method

223. The Iodine Method

224. The Gypsum Method

225. The Carbonate-Siallite Method

226. APPLICATION OF SOIL-SALT METHODS

227. RADIOACTIVITY SURVEYS

228. BIBLIOGRAPHY

229. CHAPTER TWELVE The Oxidation-Reduction Potential Method

230. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD

231. BIBLIOGRAPHY

232. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Microbiological Methods

233. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOD

234. General Information on Microorganisms

235. Role of Microorganisms in the Formation of Gases

236. INDICATOR AND CONTROL MICROORGANISMS IN PROSPECTING FOR OIL AND GAS

237. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

238. Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria

239. Methane-Producing Bacteria

240. Bacteria which Decompose Cellulose

241. Bacteria which Oxidize Gaseous and Vaporized Hydrocarbons

242. Conditions Limiting the Propagation and Use of Indicator Microorganisms

243. MAIN VARIETIES OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOD

244. The Soil Survey

245. The Water Survey

246. Biologging

247. The Bacterial Gas-Output Survey and Other Analytical Methods

248. MICROBIOLOGICAL RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

249. Treatment of Factual Data

250. Evaluation of Bacterial Anomalies

251. Examples of the Interpretation of Microbiological Data

252. GEOBOTANICAL INDICATORS

253. BIBLIOGRAPHY

254. CHAPTER FOURTEEN The Role of Geochemical Methods in Petroleum Prospecting

255. APPENDIX