فیزیولوژی محیطی جانوران ۲۰۰۹
Environmental Physiology of Animals 2009

1. Preface to Second Edition

2. Preface to First Edition

3. Acknowledgments

4. Abbreviations

5. PART 1 Basic Principles

1 The Nature and Levels of Adaptation

1.1 Introduction: comparative, environmental, and evolutionary physiology

1.2 The meaning of “environment”

1.3 The meaning of “adaptation”

1.4 Comparative methods to detect adaptation

1.5 Physiological response on different scales

1.6 Conclusions

13. FURTHER READING

2 Fundamental Mechanisms of Adaptation

2.1 Introduction: adaptation at the molecular and genome level

2.2 Controlling protein action

2.3 Control of protein synthesis and degradation

2.4 Protein evolution

2.5 Physiological regulation of gene expression

2.6 Conclusions

21. FURTHER READING

3 The Problems of Size and Scale

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principle of similarity: isometric scaling

3.3 Allometric scaling

3.4 Scaling of metabolic rate

3.5 Scaling of locomotion

3.6 Conclusions: is there a right size to be?

29. FURTHER READING

30. PART 2 Central Issues in Comparative Physiology

4 Water, Ions, and Osmotic Physiology

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Aqueous solutions

4.3 Passive movements of water and solutes

4.4 Nonpassive solute movements

4.5 Concentrations of cell contents

4.6 Overall regulation of cell contents

4.7 Conclusions

39. FURTHER READING

5 Animal Water Balance, Osmoregulation, and Excretion

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Exchanges occurring at the outer body surface

5.3 Osmoregulation at external surfaces

5.4 Osmoregulatory organs and their excretory products

5.5 Water regulation via the gut

5.6 Regulation of respiratory water exchanges

5.7 Water loss in reproductive systems

5.8 Water gain

5.9 Costs and energetics of regulating water and ion balance

5.10 Roles of nervous systems and hormones

5.11 Conclusions

52. FURTHER READING

6 Metabolism and Energy Supply

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Metabolic intermediaries

6.3 Anaerobic metabolic pathways

6.4 Aerobic metabolism

6.5 Metabolic rates

6.6 Energy budgets

60. FURTHER READING

7 Respiration and Circulation

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Uptake and loss of gases across respiratory surfaces

7.3 Ventilation systems to improve exchange rates

7.4 Circulatory systems

7.5 Delivering and transferring gases to the tissues

7.6 Coping with hypoxia and anoxia

7.7 Control of respiration

69. FURTHER READING

8 Temperature and its Effects

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biochemical effects of temperature

8.3 Physiological effects of temperature

8.4 Terminology and strategies in thermal biology

8.5 Thermal environments and thermal exchanges

8.6 Avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation in thermal biology

8.7 Regulating heat gain and keeping warm

8.8 Regulating heat loss and keeping cool

8.9 Opting out: evasion systems in space or time

8.10 Regulating thermal biology: nerves and hormones

8.11 Evolution and advantages of varying thermal strategies

82. FURTHER READING

9 Excitable Tissues: Nervous Systems and Muscles

9.1 Introduction

85. SECTION 1: NERVES

9.2 Neural functioning

9.3 Synaptic transmission

9.4 Nervous systems

9.5 Neural integration and higher neural processes

9.6 Neuronal development

9.7 Sensory systems: mechanisms and principles

9.8 Specific senses and sense organs

93. SECTION 2: MUSCLES

9.9 Muscles and movement: introduction

9.10 Muscle structure

9.11 Muscle contraction

9.12 Muscle mechanics

9.13 Muscle types and diversity

99. SECTION 3: NERVES AND MUSCLES WORKING TOGETHER

9.14 Motor activity patterns

9.15 Locomotion using muscles

9.16 Conclusions

103. FURTHER READING

10 Hormones and Chemical Control Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Endocrine systems

10.3 Control of water and osmotic balance

10.4 Control of ion balance and pH

10.5 Control of development and growth

10.6 Control of metabolism, temperature, and color

10.7 Control of sex and reproduction

10.8 Hormones and other behaviors: aggression, territoriality, and migration

10.9 Pheromones and the control of behavior

10.10 Conclusions

115. FURTHER READING

116. PART 3 Coping with the Environment

117. Introduction

11 Marine Life

11.1 Introduction: marine habitats and biota

11.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation

11.3 Thermal adaptation

11.4 Respiratory adaptation

11.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation

11.6 Depth problems, buoyancy, and locomotion

11.7 Sensory issues: marine signaling

11.8 Feeding and being fed on

11.9 Anthropogenic problems

11.10 Secondary invasion of the seas: marine vertebrates

11.11 Conclusions

130. FURTHER READING

12 Shorelines and Estuaries

12.1 Introduction: brackish habitats and biota

12.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation and water balance

12.3 Thermal adaptation

12.4 Respiratory adaptation

12.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation

12.6 Mechanical, locomotory, and sensory systems

12.7 Feeding and being fed on

12.8 Anthropogenic problems

12.9 Conclusions

141. FURTHER READING

13 Fresh Water

13.1 Introduction: freshwater habitats and biota

13.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation and water balance

13.3 Thermal adaptation

13.4 Respiratory adaptation

13.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation

13.6 Mechanical, locomotory, and sensory adaptations

13.7 Feeding and being fed on

13.8 Anthropogenic problems

13.9 Conclusions

152. FURTHER READING

14 Special Aquatic Habitats

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Transient water bodies

14.3 Osmotically peculiar habitats

14.4 Thermally extreme waters

158. FURTHER READING

15 Terrestrial Life

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation and water balance

15.3 Thermal adaptation

15.4 Respiratory adaptation

15.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation

15.6 Locomotion and mechanical adaptations

15.7 Sensory adaptations

15.8 Feeding and being fed upon

15.9 Anthropogenic problems

15.10 Conclusions

170. FURTHER READING

16 Extreme Terrestrial Habitats

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Hot and dry habitats: deserts

16.3 Very cold habitats

16.4 High-altitude habitats

16.5 Aerial habitats

16.6 Conclusions

178. FURTHER READING

17 Parasitic Habitats

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Parasite environments

17.3 Basic parasite physiology

17.4 Reproduction and transmission

17.5 Parasite sensory abilities

17.6 Parasite regulation of host physiology

17.7 Biotic interactions: host–parasite conflicts

17.8 Conclusions

188. FURTHER READING

189. References

190. Index