باکتری‌شناسی انسان‌ها ۲۰۰۹
Bacteriology of Humans 2009

1. PREFACE

2. ABBREVIATIONS USED

3. Chapter 1

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE NATURE AND

1.1.1 Difficulties encountered in determining

1.1.2 Structural aspects of microbial

1.1.2.1 Microcolonies

1.1.2.2 Intracellular colonization

1.1.2.3 Biofilms

1.1.3 Communication in microbial

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

1.2.1 Nutritional determinants

1.2.2 Physicochemical determinants

1.2.3 Mechanical determinants

1.2.4 Biological determinants

1.3 HOST CHARACTERISTICS THAT

1.3.1 Age

1.3.2 Host genotype

1.3.3 Gender

1.4 TECHNIQUES USED TO

1.4.1 Microscopy

1.4.2 Culture-dependent approaches

1.4.3 Culture-independent, molecular

1.4.4 Functional analysis of microbial

1.5 THE EPITHELIUM – SITE OF

1.5.1 Structure of epithelia

1.5.2 The epithelium as an excluder of

1.5.3 Mucus and mucins

1.5.4 Innate and acquired immune responses

1.6 FURTHER READING

1.6.1 Books

1.6.2 Reviews and papers

33. Chapter 2

2.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

2.2 CUTANEOUS ANTIMICROBIAL

2.2.1 Innate defense systems

2.2.2 Acquired immune defense systems

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

2.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

2.4.1 Members of the cutaneous microbiota

2.4.1.1 Corynebacterium spp.

2.4.1.2 Propionibacterium spp.

2.4.1.3 Staphylococcus spp.

2.4.1.4 Micrococcus spp.

2.4.1.5 Malassezia spp.

2.4.1.6 Acinetobacter spp.

2.4.1.7 Brevibacterium spp.

2.4.1.8 Dermabacter hominis

2.4.1.9 Methylobacterium spp.

2.4.2 Community composition at

2.4.3 Culture-independent studies of the

2.4.4 Interactions among members of the

2.5 OVERVIEW OF THE CUTANEOUS

2.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

2.7 FURTHER READING

2.7.1 Books

2.7.2 Reviews and papers

58. Chapter 3

3.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

3.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

3.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

3.4.1 Members of the ocular microbiota

3.4.2 Composition of the ocular

3.4.3 Interactions among members of

3.5 OVERVIEW OF THE OCULAR

3.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

3.7 FURTHER READING

69. Chapter 4

4.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

4.1.1 Nose

4.1.2 Pharynx

4.1.3 Larynx

4.1.4 Trachea

4.1.5 Bronchi and bronchioles

4.1.6 Alveolus

4.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

4.2.1 Nasal cavity

4.2.2 Other regions of the conducting

4.2.3 Respiratory portion

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

4.3.1 Atmospheric composition

4.3.2 pH

4.3.3 Nutrients

4.3.3.1 Composition of nasal fluid, ASL, and

4.3.3.2 Contribution of microbial residents of

4.4 INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

4.4.1 Members of the respiratory microbiota

4.4.1.1 Streptococcus spp.

4.4.1.1.1 Strep. pyogenes

4.4.1.1.2 Strep. pneumoniae

4.4.1.1.3 Viridans group streptococci

4.4.1.2 Neisseria spp.

4.4.1.2.1 N. meningitidis

4.4.1.2.2 Other Neisseria spp.

4.4.1.3 Haemophilus spp.

4.4.1.3.1 H. influenzae

4.4.1.3.2 Other Haemophilus spp.

4.4.1.4 Moraxella catarrhalis

4.4.1.5 Staphylococci

4.4.1.5.1 Staph. aureus

4.4.1.5.2 CNS

4.4.1.6 Mollicutes

4.4.1.7 Kingella kingae

4.4.2 Community composition at the various

4.4.2.1 Nasal vestibule

4.4.2.2 Nasal cavity

4.4.2.3 Nasopharynx

4.4.2.4 Oropharynx

4.4.2.5 Lower respiratory tract

4.4.3 Interactions among members of the

4.5 OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY

4.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

4.7 FURTHER READING

115. Chapter 5

5.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

5.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES OF THE

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

5.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

5.4.1 Members of the urethral microbiota

5.4.2 Community composition in the

5.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA OF

5.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

5.7 FURTHER READING

125. Chapter 6

6.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

6.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

6.2.1 Innate defense systems

6.2.2 Acquired immune defense

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

6.3.1 Vagina

6.3.2 Cervix

6.3.3 Vulva

6.3.4 Contribution of the indigenous

6.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA

6.4.1 Members of the microbiota

6.4.1.1 Lactobacillus spp.

6.4.1.2 Gardnerella vaginalis

6.4.1.3 Candida albicans

6.4.1.4 Streptococcus agalactiae

6.4.1.5 Mycoplasma hominis

6.4.1.6 Ureaplasma urealyticum

6.4.1.7 Atopobium vaginae

6.4.1.8 Mobiluncus spp.

6.4.2 Community composition at different

6.4.2.1 Vagina

6.4.2.1.1 Post-menarcheal/pre-menopausal females

6.4.2.1.2 Pre-menarcheal girls

6.4.2.1.3 Post-menopausal women

6.4.2.1.4 Vaginal microbiota during pregnancy

6.4.2.2 Cervix

6.4.2.2.1 Post-menarcheal/pre-menopausal females

6.4.2.2.2 Cervical microbiota during pregnancy

6.4.2.3 Vulva

6.4.3 Interactions between organisms colonizing the female reproductive system

6.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA OF

6.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

6.7 FURTHER READING

6.7.1 Books

6.7.2 Reviews and papers

161. Chapter 7

7.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

7.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

7.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA

7.4.1 Members of the microbiota

7.4.2 Microbiota of the male urethra

7.4.3 Microbiota of the glans penis

7.4.4 Microbiota of the prostate

7.5 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIOTA

7.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

7.7 FURTHER READING

173. Chapter 8

8.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

8.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

8.3.1 Mechanical determinants

8.3.2 Nutritional determinants

8.3.3 Physicochemical determinants

8.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

8.4.1 Members of the oral microbiota

8.4.1.1 Oral streptococci and related Grampositive

8.4.1.2 Gemella spp.

8.4.1.3 Actinomyces spp.

8.4.1.4 Rothia dentocariosa

8.4.1.5 Veillonella spp.

8.4.1.6 Anaerobic and microaerophilic

8.4.1.6.1 Fusobacterium spp.

8.4.1.6.2 Porphyromonas spp.

8.4.1.6.3 Prevotella spp.

8.4.1.6.4 Spirochaetes

8.4.1.6.5 Other anaerobic species

8.4.1.7 Facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative

8.4.1.8 Mycoplasma spp.

8.4.1.9 Megasphaera spp.

8.4.2 Community composition at

8.4.2.1 Supragingival plaque

8.4.2.2 Gingival crevice

8.4.2.3 Tongue

8.4.2.4 Other mucosal surfaces

8.5 OVERVIEW OF THE ORAL

8.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

8.7 FURTHER READING

8.7.1 Books

8.7.2 Reviews and papers

206. Chapter 9

9.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

9.2 ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

9.2.1 Innate defense systems

9.2.2 Acquired immune defense system

9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

9.3.1 Esophagus

9.3.2 Stomach

9.3.3 Small intestine

9.3.4 Large intestine

9.4 THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF

9.4.1 Members of the intestinal microbiota

9.4.1.1 Bacteroides

9.4.1.2 Eubacterium

9.4.1.3 Roseburia

9.4.1.4 Clostridium

9.4.1.5 Bifidobacterium

9.4.1.6 Enterococcus

9.4.1.7 Helicobacter pylori

9.4.1.8 Enterobacteriaceae

9.4.1.9 Ruminococcus

9.4.1.10 Methanogenic organisms

9.4.1.11 Desulfovibrio

9.4.1.12 Acidaminococcus

9.4.1.13 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

9.4.2 Community composition in different

9.4.2.1 Esophagus

9.4.2.2 Stomach

9.4.2.3 Small intestine

9.4.2.3.1 Duodenum

9.4.2.3.2 Jejunum

9.4.2.3.3 Ileum

9.4.2.4 Large intestine

9.4.2.4.1 Cecum

9.4.2.4.2 Colon

9.4.2.4.3 Rectum

9.4.3 Microbial interactions in the

9.5 OVERVIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS

9.6 SOURCES OF DATA USED TO

9.7 FURTHER READING

9.7.1 Books

9.7.2 Reviews and papers

248. Chapter 10

10.1 FURTHER READING

250. INDEX