مبانی آتشفشان‌شناسی فیزیکی ۲۰۰۹
Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology 2009

1. Preface

2. Acknowledgments

3. Dedication

4. Glossary

1 Volcanic systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Styles of volcanic eruptions

1.3 Volcanic systems

1.4 The structure and aims of this book

1.5 Further reading

1.6 Questions to think about

2 Magma generation and segregation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Rock-melting mechanisms

2.3 Volcanism and plate tectonics

2.4 Melting and melt segregation in the mantle

2.5 Summary

2.6 Further reading

2.7 Questions to think about

3 Magma migration

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Diapiric rise of melt

3.3 The change from diapir rise to dike formation

3.4 Dike propagation

3.5 Trapping of dikes

3.6 Consequences of dike trapping

3.7 Summary

3.8 Further reading

3.9 Questions to think about

4 Magma storage

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Evidence for magma storage within the crust

4.3 Formation and growth of magma chambers

4.4 Magma chambers and their impact on volcanic systems

4.5 Summary

4.6 Further reading

4.7 Questions to think about

5 The role of volatiles

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Volatiles in magma

5.3 The solubility of volatiles in magma

5.4 Bubble nucleation

5.5 Bubble growth

5.6 Magma fragmentation and the influence of volatiles on eruption styles

5.7 Summary

5.8 Further reading

5.9 Questions to think about

6 Steady explosive eruptions

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Influence of gas bubbles prior to magma fragmentation

6.3 Acceleration of the gas–magma mixture

6.4 Controls on exit velocity

6.5 Eruption plumes in steady eruptions

6.6 Fallout of clasts from eruption plumes

6.7 Unstable eruption columns

6.8 Summary

6.9 Further reading

6.10 Questions to think about

7 Transient volcanic eruptions

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Magmatic explosions

7.3 Transient eruptions involving external water

7.4 Summary

7.5 Further reading

7.6 Questions to think about

8 Pyroclastic falls and pyroclastic density currents

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fallout of clasts from eruption columns

8.3 The application of eruption column models

8.4 Pyroclastic density currents and their deposits

8.5 Summary

8.6 Further reading

8.7 Questions to think about

9 Lava flows

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Origin of lava flows

9.3 Types of lava flow

9.4 Lava flow rheology

9.5 Rheological control of lava flow geometry

9.6 Lava flow motion

9.7 Lengths of lava flows

9.8 Surface textures of lava flows

9.9 Effects of ground slope and lava viscosity

9.10 Summary

9.11 Further reading

9.12 Questions to think about

10 Eruption styles, scales, and frequencies

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Chemical composition and styles of volcanic activity

10.3 Chemical composition and effusive eruptions

10.4 Chemical composition and explosive eruptions

10.5 Summary of compositional controls on eruption character

10.6 Magnitudes and frequencies of volcanic eruptions

10.7 Elastic and inelastic eruptions

10.8 Eruptions of exceptional magnitude

10.9 Summary

10.10 Further reading

10.11 Questions to think about

11 Volcanic hazards and volcano monitoring

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Types of volcanic hazard

11.3 Hazard assessment

11.4 Monitoring volcanoes and short-term eruption prediction

11.5 Hazard mitigation

11.6 Summary

11.7 Further reading

11.8 Questions to think about

12 Volcanoes and climate

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Evidence for the impact of volcanic eruptions on climate

12.3 Satellite monitoring of climate change after volcanic eruptions

12.4 The effects of volcanic eruptions on climate

12.5 Volcanoes and mass extinctions

12.6 Summary

12.7 Further reading

12.8 Questions to think about

13 Volcanism on other planets

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Volcanically active bodies in the Solar System

13.3 The effects of environmental conditions on volcanic processes

13.4 The Moon

13.5 Mars

13.6 Venus

13.7 Mercury

13.8 Io

13.9 Europa

13.10 Differentiated asteroids

13.11 Summary

13.12 Further reading

13.13 Questions to think about

131. Answers to questions

132. Index