تفکر و انتخاب در شطرنج ۲۰۱۴
Thought and Choice in Chess 2014

1. PREFACE

2. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

3. LIST OF TABLES

4. I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

5. A. Introduction

1. The literature of chess

2. Bine’s study

3. The question of chess talent

9. B. The object of this study

4. The analysis of chess thinking

5. Organization of the book

12. C. The choice-of-move-problem

6. The variability of the problem

7. The legal freedom of choice (K)

8. Objective freedom of choice

16. D. The proof schema for an objectively solvable position: Move W1 is the best

9. The two part structure of the proof schema

10. The significance of the schema for the thought process

19. II. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF THINKING

20. A. Associationism and counter movements

11. The main traits of classical association theory

12. Relations are not reducible to images

13. Reproductions are not associative

14. ‘Atomism’ is not heuristically fertile

75. Associative models fail for directed thought

16. The subject carries out operations

27. B. The main features of the theory of Selz

17. Otto Selz and his conceptual model of directed thought

18. General linkings and the schematic anticipation

19. The most general solving methods

20. Combination and linking of solving methods

21. Phase structure

33. III. METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

34. A. Discussion of method

22. Methods used by other investigators

23. Pros and cons of ‘thinking aloud’

24. Experimental versus real play situation

38. B. Description of the experiments

25. Subjects

26. Chess positions

27. Place and time

28. Instructions and experimental conditions

43. VI. THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE THOUGHT PROCESS

29. Introduction to the analytical part

45. A. The external phase structure

30. The protocol ( M2; B)

31. The first Phase

32. Alternation of elaborative phases

33. ‘Cumulative’ and ‘subsidiary’ linking

34. Transitional phases

51. B. Protocol statistics

35. General protocol measures

36. Statistics of solving propositions

54. V. MAIN AND SUBPROBLEMS

55. A. The systematic analysis of the problem structure

37. Interpretation of the elements of a protocol

38. Problem and goal-setting

39. The general problem structure of the process of chess thought

59. B. Typical subproblems in the thought process

40. Subproblems in the position investigation (first Phase)

41. Goals and problem formulations in the main part (in the investigation of possibilities)

42. Re-investigation of specific possibilities

43. The convergence to and the recapitulation of the argument (final Phase)

64. VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBLEM

44. The solution process as development of the problem

45. Problem formation during the first Phase

46. The completion and enrichment of the total goal conception after the first Phase

47. Structural transformations in the argumentation

48. Transitional phases as phases of problem transformation

49. Types and examples of problem development

71. VII. THE ORGANIZATION AND METHODOLOGY OF THE THOUGHT PROCESS

72. A. The sequence of phases

50. The principle of interaction

51. The hierarchy of subsidiary methods

52. The method ofprogressive deepening and the scrapping of a possibility

53. The elaborative phases and their sequence

77. B. The methods of chess thinking

54. The most important methods as typical problem transformations

55. Methods peculiar to specific parts of the thought process

56. Trying out as a general method

57. Playing methods: the arsenal of the chess master

58. Reproductive factors in productive thinking: Knowledge and Experience

59. Individual differences in the system of methods

84. VIII. CHESS TALENT

60. Mastership

61. The first seconds: the perception of a new position

62. Specific traits of chess thinking

63. The character of game and player

64. The development of chess talent

65. Factors of chess talent

66. Extracurricular achievements of chessmasters

92. XI. EPILOGUE 1963

67. The use of introspective methods

68. On introspective techniques

69. Ambiguity and multifunctional operations

70. Remarks on chess playing programs

97. APPENDIX I: THE GAMES FROM WHICH POSITIONS A, B, AND C WERE TAKEN

98. APPENDIX II: COLLECTION OF PROTOCOLS

99. BIBLIOGRAPHY

100. A. Chess literature

101. B. Psychological literature

102. INDEX OF SUBJECTS

103. INDEX OF NAMES