حکومت جزیره مونترال: تفاوت های زبانی و سیاست های کلان شهری ۲۰۲۳
Governing the Island of Montreal: Language Differences and Metropolitan Politics 2023

1. Contents

2. Tables and Maps

3. Foreword

4. Acknowledgments

5. Abbreviations

1. Introduction: The Environment for Metropolitan Reform

7. Alliances of Convenience

8. Comparisons with the United States

9. Political Will

10. Political Will

11. I. French and English in Montreal prior to 1960

2. The Emergence of the “Two Solitudes”

13. Montreal’s Ethnic Balance

14. Ethnic Diversity Without Conflict

15. Evidence of English Dominance

16. Mutual Isolation

3. Municipal Government in Montreal

18. The English Retreat to the Suburbs

19. Annexations

20. The Montreal Metropolitan Commission

21. Twentieth-Century Populist Mayors

22. Camiliien Houde

23. Proposals for Metropolitan Reform

24. The Municipal Service Bureau and the Borough System

25. The Paquette Report

26. The Suburbs Begin to Organize

27. The Montreal Metropolitan Corporation

28. The Politics of Caution

4 Schools and Social Services

30. School Boards

31. School Boards and the Constitution

32. Jews: Catholic or Protestant?

33. English-Speaking Catholics

34. Growing Demand for Educational Reform, 1925-1960

35. Social Services: The Public Charities Act

36. The Welfare State Comes to Quebec

37. The Welfare State Comes to Quebec

38. II. The Quiet Revolution

5. Quebec Politics and the Politicization of Language, 1960-1981

40. The Quiet Revolution

41. English Canada Responds

42. English Canada Responds

43. Provincial Politics in Turmoil, 1966-1970

44. Montreal’s Language Groups

45. Francophones: A Homogeneous Ethnic Group

46. Anglophones: Only a Language Group

47. “Others”: French or English?

48. Montreal: Bilingual City?

49. Language: The Territorial Dimension

50. Bills 63 and 22: Language in the Political Arena

51. Robert Bourassa and Bill 22

52. The Impact of the Parti Québécois

53. René Lévesque and Bill 101

54. French: The New Language of Work

55. The 1980 Referendum and the 1981 Provincial Election

56. Anglophones and Language Legislation

57. III. Reorganizing Montreal’s Local Government

6. Creating the Montreal Urban Community

59. Drapeau’s Metropolitan Strategies

60. Establishing the Blier Commission

61. Annexation Battles

62. Searching for a Solution

63. Blier’s Final Compromise

64. The Lack of Provincial Action

65. The Montreal Urban Community: First Version

66. Another Retreat

67. The Police Strike of October 1969

68. Saulnier’s Solution

69. Weakness on All Fronts

70. The Creation of the MUC

71. Bill 75 and the Legislative Process

72. Functions of the MUC

73. The Montreal Urban Community Transit Commission

74. A Noncontroversial Reform

7. The Montreal Urban Community in Operation

76. Saulnier as MUC Chair

77. Hanigan and DesMarais

78. The MUC: Accomplishments and Failures

79. The Quality of Air and Water

80. Public Transit

81. Regional Planning

82. The Montreal Urban Community Police Department

83. Problems with Police-Cost Sharing

84. Police Force Unification

85. Quebec Municipal Commission: 1972 MUC Budget

86. Language and Policing

87. Attempts at Municipal Consolidation

88. The Westmount “Bourg” Plan

89. Lochine’s Seven Cities Plan

90. Hanigan’s Suggested Mergers

91. Tinkering with MUC Structures

92. Pointe-aux-Trembles Annexation

93. The Suburban Alliance

8. The Reorganization of Montreal’s School Boards

95. Seculcurization of School Boards

96. The Page Report

97. Bill 62: Eleven Unified School Boards

98. Opposition Grows

99. The Liberal Proposal: Bill 28

100. Bill 28 in Committee

101. Bill 71: The School Council of the Island of Montreal

102. Bill 71: Passage and Implementation

103. School Board Reorganization: An Unresolved Problem

9. Social Services

105. The First Version of Bill 65

106. Castonguay Makes Concessions

107. The Council of Health and Social Services of Metropolitan Montreal

108. Language Issues

109. Social Service Centers for Montreal

110. Three Centers: French, English, and Jewish

111. Sectorization

112. Drawing Linguistic Boundaries

113. The Private Politics of Public Social Services

10 Conclusion: Language Differences and Metropolitan Reform in Montreal

115. The Policing Controversy

116. Uniqueness of Social Services

117. School Boards: Pressure from Quebec Nationalists

118. Appendix: Political Parties in Canada, Quebec, and Montreal