جرم سیاسی در اروپا: مطالعه تطبیقی فرانسه، آلمان و انگلستان ۲۰۲۳
Political Crime in Europe: A Comparative Study of France, Germany, and England 2023

1. Cover

2. Title

3. Copyright

4. Contents 1

5. Preface

6. Acknowledgments

7. CHAPTER 1

8. The Positivist Definition of Crime

9. The Repressive Response

10. Functions of Criminal Law

11. Analytical Definition of “Crime”

12. CHAPTER 2

13. Political Crimes in Western Civilization—Nature of the Offense

14. Why Acts of Betrayal and Acts Challenging or Hindering Political Authority in the Past Have Been Regarded as Crimes

15. The Preventive Aspects of Laws Dealing with Political Crime

16. The Switch from Prevention through Repression to Prevention by Regulation

17. Conclusion

18. section one: Prologue CHAPTER 3

19. The Monarch as the Object of Protection versus the State as the Object of Protection

20. The Enlightenment and the Doctrines of Liberalism

21. France

22. Germany

23. Great Britain

24. Conclusion

25. section two: The French Revolution and the Period of Reaction (1789-1830)

26. CHAPTER 4 France (1789-1830) The French Revolution, 1789-1795:

27. The Napoleonic Period, 1799-1814

28. The Restoration of the Monarchy and Its Problems in an Age of Revolution, 1815-1830

29. Francois Guizot—The Liberal View of Political Crime

30. Summary

31. CHAPTER 5 Germany (1789-1830) Counterrevolutionary Laws of the 1790s

32. Revolutionary Activity and Measures Adopted to Maintain the Status Quo

33. Treatment of Political Crime in the Bavarian Penal Code of 16 May 1813

34. Legal and Philosophical Views Concerning Political Crime

35. Summary

36. CHAPTER 6

37. Measures Taken to Immunize England from the Effects of the French Revolution, 1790-1800

38. Postwar Repression of Early Labor Riots and Rebellions, 1816-1820

39. The Growth of Liberalism in the Decade Preceding the Passage of the Reform Bill of 1832

40. Trials for Treason, Sedition, and Other Political Crimes, 1792-1831

41. The Liberalism of Jeremy Bentham

42. Summary

43. SECTION three: /4 Time of Ferment (1830-1851): Springtime of the Policy of Leniency

44. CHAPTER 7

45. Reforms in the Law on Political and Press Crimes

46. The Law of 28 April 1832 and the Lenient Penal Treatment of Political Offenders

47. The Testing of These Laws

48. The Second Republic (1848-1851)—Return to Repression

49. CHAPTER 8

50. The Disturbances Triggered by the July Revolution of 1830 and the Second Wave of Repression

51. The Penal Code Revisions of Wiirttemberg, Hesse, Baden, Nassau, Saxony, and the Thuringian States

52. The Penal Code of the Prussian States, 14 April 1851

53. The 1848 Revolution and Its Aftermath

54. CHAPTER 9 Great Britain (1830-1848) Period of Ferment, 1830-1848

55. Legal Developments

56. The Policy of Leniency

57. Summary

58. section four: A Time of Consolidation (1852-1914): The Summer of the Policy of Leniency

59. CHAPTER 10

60. Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire (1851-1870)

61. The Third Republic until the First World War (1870-1914)

62. CHAPTER 11

63. The Nature of the System Established by Bismarck

64. The German Penal Code of 15 May 1871

65. Subsequent Legislation and Political Repression

66. Summary

67. CHAPTER 12

68. The Period of Quiescence, 1849-1905

69. Political Crime in Ireland, 1858-1891, and Measures Taken for Its Suppression

70. Aliens, Anarchists, and Extradition

71. Further Developments in the Law of Sedition

72. The Policy of Leniency—Continued

73. The Last Days of Liberalism: 1906-1914

74. Summary

75. SECTION FIVE: Political Crime in an Age of Ideology (1914-1970): The Autumn and Withering of the Policy of Leniency

76. Major Changes in the Twentieth Century and Contributing Causes

77. Positivism and Political Crime: The Early Positivists (Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo)

78. Fascism and Political Crime

79. Decline of Positivism

80. CHAPTER 13 France (1914-1970) The Third Republic and the Interbellum Years, 1918-1939

81. The Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1945-1970

82. CHAPTER 14 Germany (1914-1970) The Weimar Republic, 1919-1933

83. Control of Political Crime in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945

84. The Federal Republic of (West) Germany, 1949-197067

85. Summary

86. CHAPTER 15 Great Britain (1914-1970)

87. War and Postwar Emergency Legislation

88. Control of Speech and Press Offenses, Public Meetings, and Demonstrations of a Violent or Seditious Nature

89. Decline of the Policy of Leniency toward Political Offenders

90. Summary

91. CHAPTER 16

92. Review

93. “Lessons”

94. Conclusion

95. APPENDIX A

96. — APPENDIX B

97. Bibliography

98. Table of Statutes Cited

99. Index